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Monday, 27 May 2013

Aurora At Bombay!

1. A beautiful aurora.
Aurora, the beautiful display of light that the nature presents! Those who live in high-latitude countries enjoy aurora very often. Those in the tropical regions enjoys the photos and videos of aurora. People living in tropics always wanted to watch an aurora directly, but nature did not show mercy always.

Once during a conference I heard that in the past an aurora had been visible even in Bombay! I could not even believe this news at first. Then I tried to know what had actually happened.

2. Aurora recorded at Colaba in 06-Feb-1872
It was in 1872 February 06 that the following news report appeared in the Times Of India.  "Will it surprise our readers to learn that the Aurora Borealis was plainly visible in Bombay Sunday last? Such was indeed the case and its effects were felt too. After sunset on Sunday, the Aurora was slightly visible, and constantly kept changing colour, becoming deeply violet, when it was intense about 3 o'clock on Monday morning. It was distinctly visible until sunrise on Monday. The influence of this atmospheric disturbance was unpleasant both for our person and our correspondence. The cold was unpleasantly keen, and all telegraphic communication was stopped for some hours.

"Both before and after its height, the aurora affected the working of both sections of the British-Indian Submarine cable, [one] section running east and west and the other North and South. At 8 o'clock yesterday morning the magnetic disturbance in the telegraph offices was very strong. The extent of this disturbance may be gathered from the fact that all the lines to England in connection with the British-Indian submarine cable were affected for hours and so were the Government lines. At Aden, the aurora was brilliant in the extreme."
(Courtesy: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2011SW000686/pdf)

3. Aurora Australis, a satellite derived image.
(11 September 2005)
The historic aurora occurred on 04th February 1872. It was reportedly observed in the middle eastern countries too. The aurora was observed by many of the people of Bombay, including NAF Moos who, several years later became the director of the Colaba Observatory. The observations were done manually during that time and therefore Colaba observatory had a record of the magnitude of the storm happened then. Many observatories world wide could not record the event since the recording pens crossed the limits of the paper on which the geomagnetic values were recorded automatically!

Another event, a stronger one also happened in the year when Moos was born, 1859. This storm was first observed, recorded and studied by Richard C. Carrington, and therefor called as Carrington storm. Several such strong events of magnetic storms continues to happen. But not much about that is known except the magnetic record in Bombay taken then.

Such events are not to be recorded only in a magnetogram. The experience should have written well with documentary proof. The Indian Institute of Geomagnetism should move towards recording and preserving its history since it is one of the oldest scientific organization in India.

History of science has a lot of charm in it, that most of the Indian scientists don't appreciate. I believe that there should be some serious efforts towards recording the history of the pursuit of science that will amaze the generations to come.

Note: This article need to be updated later. If any one have something interesting related to it, please share that with me.

Reference:
wikipedia
agu
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/
http://www.solarstorms.org/SRefStorms.html
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/TE041i004p00397/abstract

Friday, 24 May 2013

Brief Historical Note On Colaba Observatory

An old photograph of Colaba Observatory
This afternoon I met Prof. Ram for our weekly discussions. Our discussion got diverted at one instant of time and I was amazed by the stories Prof. Ram told me about the pioneers of Indian geomagnetic studies. I wanted to know more about the history of geomagnetism in India. There are interesting pasts for every scientific endeavors being pursued today. Even though geomagnetism is a centuries old subject of research, still this is an active subject of research, amazing and so fantastic! Every geomagnetic observatory has a story to tell you.
1826 was an important year in that the East India Company established the Colaba observatory in Bombay (now Mumbai). Its original purpose was astronomical observations and time keeping. In 1841 Arthur Bedford Orlebar, an Astronomy professor in Bombay, started meteorological and geomagnetic measurements at the Colaba Observatory. Initial observations were made manually, but in 1845 after the introduction of self-recording photographic magnetometer by Charles Brooke, the magnetic measurements at Colaba was also upgraded. This instrument was installed in Colaba Observatory in 1871 when Charles Chambers became the director of the observatory.

After the death of Charles Chambers,  Dr. Nanabhoy Ardeshir Framji Moos became the director in 1896, who was the first Indian director of the Observatory. During his period as the director, the Observatory got world-wide fame.

The first Indian director of Colaba Observatory.
N.A.F. Moos
In 1900, the British Indian government decided to electrify tram service in Bombay and it was a threat to the magnetic observations at Colaba. Dr. N.A.F. Moos found an alternative place at Alibaug, 30km away from Bombay. The observations were carried out both at Colaba and at Alibaug for two years from 1904 to 1906, and it was confirmed that both the stations gave the same observations.

In 1971, the Colaba-Alibaug observatories were converted into an autonomous research organization called the Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (IIG). Till then it was part of IMD, the Indian Meteorological Department. At present, the IIG runs over ten observatories acrosss India.

Wednesday, 15 May 2013

Leaving Tamil Nadu

After my Masters course done from Tiruchi, I decided that I will never go back to Tamil Nadu again. Why I wanted to come out of Tamil Nadu? Even though I did not have some serious reasons for that, I think there must be some factors that insist me to run away from Tamil Nadu. Main issue may be related to the climate. Tamil Nadu's climate is not pleasant. In summer, it is too hot that I felt always that my brain will become some dry nut in a few minutes. In rainy days, all the shit lying in the dry lands got life and it was smelling foul through out the season. In winter, the climate it very dry. The surroundings will never give you any pleasure since the land is dry and gloomy and there are very few trees around.  If this is the case why I should stick to one state alone? Why shouldn't I wander throughout the nation? It is as vast as the universe and rich and diverse in culture. I should feel the nation at least, instead of feeling the smell of one place alone!
At University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai
But the people in Tiruchi were really good. They are in general not selfish and ready to help and share. This is the only thing that make you survive in Tamil Nadu. Everyone is a Sir there. It was shocking for me when a bus conductor called me 'Sir' for the first time when I came to join my college, on way from Tiruchirappalli junction railway station to Tollgate bus stop, where my college is situated! When studying in schools and colleges back in Kerala, we were always treated like pigs by the bus conductors. Because students were supposed to give only 25 percentage of the total bus fare while going to and coming from our institutions, these private bus crew always felt that it is a loss for them! Anyway I felt very happy for being called as 'Sir' by an elder man!

After my Masters in Tiruchi, I was forced to go to Chennai, the capital city of Tamil Nadu. There things were a bit different. winter was somewhat better than in Tiruchi and summer was not so intolerable because of trees there. But during rainy season, all the black filthy wastes flowing down through the drainage tunnels would come out. After six months in Chennai, working as an online teacher in a multinational company, I left Tamil Nadu thinking that I will never come back again. But Tamil Nadu was calling me again and again back. I got admission for higher studies in the Department of Theoretical Physics of the University of Madras. The campus was greenish and it was close to a conserved forest: the Guindy national park, just a road separating them. Lots of bucks and monkeys roamed around the campus. Summer did not came into the soil there due to the density of the trees there. I was happy there.

The Observatory In A Rainy Day
I decided this is my last year in Tamil Nadu and I will never comeback here again. But again things went against my wishes. I got my PhD admission in Tirunelveli in the southern Tamil Nadu. The most severe climate was awaiting there for me. The hottest place I have ever gone. The institute was some fifteen kilometers away from the city. It was a remote village. I was never been to such a remote village before. In rainy times the village was excellent, but unfortunately there was no rain most of the days. One month in a year was supposed to give some rain. In that one month, only a few days were really rainy. Surrounding places had a bit more rain but this village did not have, a drought hit area! I thought that I can never come out of Tamil Nadu as some years are needed to complete the PhD. I slowly drove out my wish from my mind. I was slowly getting ready to accept the truth. I don't know why I wanted to go somewhere so desperately. May be the wanderer in me was doing that! So I was at that beautiful place.

The nearest tea shop was three kilo meters away, a town called Seydunganallur had almost everything needed in our day to day life, the only problem was the distance. Daily I walked to Seydunganallur in the evenings for a cup of tea and some snacks and to purchase some fruits. I got acquainted with a few villagers. The town had a Police station, a railway station, few temples, two masjids and several churches here and there. Last month the town got a new ATM and a bank: the Karur Vysya Bank. It was a peaceful village. People called our institute by the name 'Aaraychi Mayyam' meaning 'research center'.

The Radar Ground
Once I came to know that the villagers were of the conviction that the institute brings only misfortune to them. The radar antennas erected here and there in the institute were really irritating them. They even accused that rain didn't come to the village only because of these towers erected up towards the sky. Some signals are send to the clouds to stop raining! Curious people! They were intelligent even though these accusations were baseless. A man even told these things to me once while having tea and samosa at Seydunganallur. I told him the story is not right (at least to my knowledge). In spite of all the troubles and issues, I loved the place, may be because I was in the village feeling all the good and bad of it!

Now I am away from the place, got a transfer to the institute head quarters at Navi Mumbai one month back, when I was living in a peaceful village harmoniously with full love towards it. The destiny didn't allow me to go out when I wanted to. And I was driven out from this land when I did not want to go out. Life was quiet there, even though the hot burning climate irritated me. Last few years was full of oscillations in my life. From a big city (Chennai) to a very remote village and again back to another huge city (Mumbai): from crowd to an empty deserted land and again back to the midst of a crowd. Life has a lot of things to offer and those are not at all in our hands. Enjoy each of them, you like it or not.

The Scientist

It was a Tuesday when I first entered the Department of Theoretical Physics in the University. I was late by a month to join the class due to some difficulties in a school where I had been teaching physics.

At a glance, the department fulfilled all the signs of poverty! In the background of other departments in the University and the neighboring AC Tech College, TP stood odd as a symbol of poverty. A small closed air-tight building resembled a goods wagon! Fragrances of cigarette smoke was filled in the whole department.

Apart from all the faculty rooms, offices and labs, there was only two rooms: one class room and a seminar hall. The former was used by MPhil students and the latter as the MSc class room. Department library was always closed and if you enter in, you will feel as if you are entering into the dumping room of a government office. You will see a corner where it is written “Drinking Water” in white letters in blue background. But once you open the tap, nothing would come out, not even air!

I entered into the class room. All other students were already there creating great pandemonium inside. When I entered, they looked at me, as if they were expecting me. I was the only non-Tamil fellow in the class.

“Hi Kutty” A female voice from the left end of second row welcomed me. “Good morning”. She said. I wished a good morning back too.

I got a chair near Balaji whom I had met when I came to write the entrance test in the department. “Hey Balaji, who is smoking inside department? The whole verandah smells very bad!”

“One professor here is a chain smoker. When he work seriously, smoke comes out of his room even though he closes the doors”. Balaji laughed.

“No one have any problem with this smoke eh?”

“No one cares it”. He told. I just smiled and thought that was a strange place!

“Ippa yaroda class?” I asked. “Narayan sir...” He replied. I recalled the name 'Dr. Narayan - Emeritus Scientist' at the bottom of the faculty list displayed in the ground floor. “...the smoker”.

“He is a great scientist, and a very strict and tough guy! Daily he ask questions, if you don't reply he would rebuke you like anything!” Balaji described him briefly.

It was eleven thirty when a belly appeared outside the door. A palm was slowly circulating over the belly packed in pale red cotton shirt with an open button in the midlle and two at the top. The belly part of the shirt appeared more greasy too. Following this, an old smiling face appeared.

As the white-mustached and bold-headed scientist revealed himself completely at the door step, the whole class fell into pin drop silence! This abnormal ambiance increased my heart beat rate. And of course, I know that here in this land, respect means fear!

The whole class stood up. The scientist stepped towards the black board. Everyone sat down. The scientist looked all over the class and smiled holding his hands tight over the bald head. Pushing the belly forward, he smiled again. This position seemed to be his stable position! I scanned the strange man completely. His muddy slippers were torn and cracked here and there.

“From my experience...” the scientist opened his mouth “....till last year, none of your seniors knew physics! None of them were eligible for their MPhil degree...” God!

My heart beat rate shot up. I felt as if all my happiness of studying in that well-known department had gone. An unknown fear filled in the heart. I thought I will have to get fired each day by this fellow since I had little knowledge of my subject.

“...still they get their degree.” Scientist completed his line.

Oh, in a second, my mind jumped from a state of agony to a state of relief. At least they got their degree! I felt happy. Then the scientist started blaming the whole political and academic system in India. He rebuked the then CM of Tamil Nadu Mr. Karunanidhi for reasons which I did not understand.

Scientist released his head from his hands, picked a piece of chalk and turned to the black board. “GROUP THEORY” He wrote slowly and legibly. Then he turned to us and shone the old smile again, which, this time created a panic among the students. Everyone expected a question to them.

“What is a Group?” The scientist shouted aloud triggering prolonged vibrations in the iron windows opened outwards. Silence pervaded the whole class room. Scientist scanned the whole class room. Again he smiled. My peace of mind gone and fear slowly filled in. Everyone sat like statues without even eye movement!

“I don't like silence. If you know, utter the answer. Otherwise tell me you don't know the answer”. Scientist exploded.

“S..Sir...” a mild voice arose from the right end of the front row. The smiling face turned to that side. “..g..g groop is a set of elements that obey certain common rules..” All faces turned towards the savior.

“Very good...” scientist looked so happy. “..but what are those rules?” Came the next question. Silence again.

My situation was terrible. I was absolutely ignorant of group theory. This time no savior came. No one answered. Scientist got angry.

“This is what I have told you earlier. You don't even know what are the rules obeyed by the elements of a group! You are not even eligible for your masters degree. If I had the authority, I would have even canceled your masters degree. I am very anxious of the children you are going to teach. What will be the future of this nation?!!” As usual he rebuked the whole system and Mr. Karunanidhi specifically! I understood that Karunanidhi is his permanent enemy.

Each word pierced my mind. I felt guilty of me. What he initially told was absolutely right. An MSc Graduate must know atleast the basics of group theory.

Then scientist turned towards the fellow who answered the first question: “Better you be ignorant than knowing partially! Because partial knowledge is more dangerous than ignorance!”

“What is a similarity transformation?” Came the next thunderstorm. “Tell me...” The scientist exploded “.....you tell me...” The finger pointed towards me. Scientist was shivering in anger. Darkness gushed into my eyes. I lost the presence of mind. My ears closed automatically. I stood up slowly. He received me with a smile: “come on”. I smiled at him meaning that I don't know the answer. Suddenly his face assumed a terrible look. He fired at me for several long seconds. “I am not a poet to write some lines impressed by your smile” My smile turned into a smirky expression. The frontbenchers got a nice saliva bath in the thunderstorm from the great scientist!

Then he turned to the board. “Let A be a matrix..” I was surprised to know that matrix theory and group theory are relatives. I felt ashamed of my ignorance. Professor Narayan painted the whole board with matrices. What ever he explained was not at all audible. He used symbols with subscripts and superscripts. C, Xi, nu, n, N i, j ... they all were indistinguishable from each other. When he wanted to rebuke, he raised the voice and each word was audible and very clear to everyone both inside and outside the class room. I understood that this fellow is passionate of firing and threatening the students rather than teaching.

The marathon matrix painting was over by one-thirty. Scientist turned to us “Ok?” He asked with a smile as if he was satisfied with what he had been doing on the board. All of us shook heads meaning 'Yes' even though no one understood anything. Each one of us did not dare to ask questions to him. Scientist took his book authored by Michael Tinkham in hand and stepped towards the door slowly. On way, he told “better you refer Joshi” meaning the book on Group Theory by AW Joshi. He reached at the door and turned back, threw the chalk piece powerfully towards the black board. It hit over the board and fell down adding a thick white dot in the already white washed black board! The belly and professor went out of the class.

Immediately the class fell into the initial pandemonium.

“How is our scientist Kutty?” Balaji asked. “Terrible!!” I laughed aloud.

Return Journey Of A Desperate PhD Candidate

I was not in a good mood since I was rejected admission for PhD in the institute. I wanted to escape to Delhi as earlier as possible. Fortunately (or unfortunately?) I got a current reservation to Sarai Rohilla in Delhi and ran to the train stationed in the second platform. I was happy to see a Tamil fellow sitting near me since I was more comfortable with Tamil than Hindi. I started talking with him. He was a financier in Chandigarh. People, mostly merchants, borrow money from him at a very high rate of interest. If they fail to return, this fellow use force to get the money or equivalent or more property back from them. He himself is doubtful if the money he had been earning and feeding his children was pure or not! I requested him to help me to get a bus to Jamia Nagar.

With him was a Delhi boy, Pappu as he called himself, aged around fifteen and obviously a slum-wallah. They met while coming to the station. He is from Delhi and he travels a lot. He spoke in high speed Urdu which I struggled to follow and frequently asked him to slow down. Most of the things I did not understand too! He thought I knew his language hearing my fractured Hindi!

At 10.30 night, the train reached Rohilla station. The Tamil fellow just left me saying good bye. I felt angry with him. But I was happy that atleast Pappu was with me. I asked Pappu how to go to Jamia Nagar where I have been staying with my friend. He told it is a bit away and in nights, it is difficult to get some bus. Let us see if metro rail service is there or not. I asked where Pappu wanted to go. He told me he also wanted to go near Jamia Nagar. I felt more happy. We came out of the station and asked someone where the bus stop is. We stood in the bus stop waiting for a bus. They just did not come and those which came did not stop. We wasted an hour or more standing there. I got scared and asked Pappu what to do. He told that we can walk to Old Delhi which is very nearby -actually it was not- and that getting bus or train is easy there. As we started walking, rain drops started falling. We ran and sheltered under the roof of a roadside tea vendor. Pappu ordered for omelet and tea. Rain was still showering. We were wet and felt very cool. We finished the tea and in between Pappu introduced me to the vendor as if they are friends for long! There was no signs that the showering rain would stop soon, therefore I insisted him to continue walk. We reached at Old Delhi. There also, we did not get any vehicles to Jamia Nagar. On the way, Pappu had been describing about his city very passionately. I loved the way he loved his city; he did it in a poetic way! Pappu decided that we must go to Red Fort in that mid-night!

My whole body was paining and the legs tired. We were walking through Chandni Chowk where there were no human beings. He told me Chandni Chowk is the most beautiful place in Delhi. In days, very beautiful girls come there for shopping! I understood that this fellow want to show me the whole Delhi over night! He was going on talking about Delhi in Urdu. I did not understand most of the things except that he loved Delhi and wanted to show me the whole Delhi over night if possible! I could not do anything I had to follow him. I cursed the moment I met this fellow. In a street, we saw women of various age wearing saris and lipstick standing here and there. He told me we can stay here if I was interested. I got scared and surprised that a small boy is interested in these kinds of activities. Pappu smiled at one of the girl as she looked at us, a middle-aged man tried to approach us. I held Pappu's hand forcefully and increased the pace of walk. The man walked away.

By the time I was extremely exhausted and mentally prepared to sleep in the foot path. We reached in front of the Red Fort. I could not move my steps. I sat on a stone soaked in the rain water. Pappu asked to walk through the road and asked my name. I told my name. He was surprised to know that I was a Muslim. He told me he also is a Muslim and told his full name, which I don't remember now. Then he insisted me to visit Jama Masjid which was nearby. I told him this is very late and we cannot enter the Masjid. He insisted to walk and we saw the Jama Masjid on the other side of the road. Thanks to Pappu, I saw Jama Masjid, Red Fort and Chandni Chowk in the late night. Even though I have been in Delhi for the past one week, I had never visited any place there since it was extremely hot in Delhi in that May. I could never come out of the room I was staying in.

The watch showed 2.30am. We moved to the nearby junction. Pappu called an auto and talked the driver in Urdu. Initially auto driver asked for 300 rupees which came down to 150 rupees. The auto was flying through the beautiful city and I was in a mood of relax in the auto. I felt as if I was in a boat sailing through the Chaliyar in the late nights. Pappu and the driver were talking very fast in Urdu. Even though he could sit in the back seat, he had sat with the driver on that small seat.

I called my friend Anees and told I will be there in Jamia Nagar by around 3.15. I got down near Batla house. Anees was waiting there. Pappu and Auto went towards Pappu's destination.